Qualitative Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Qualitative Article Critique - Essay ExampleIn these cases asking patients about their symptoms is important, and the nurses must know what to ask for. This leads to some(prenominal) the difficulty and purpose of this study, where the nurses perceptions about their abilities to assess and advise these patients are not know and hence need to be studied. This is a suffieciently narrow yet sigbificant problem in palliative care nursing where the disease needing palliative care has many problems per se, and depression is a common occurrence as an association that whitethorn be neglected easily. The population is thus about to die due to any cause where treatment fails, settiing become palliative care, and the variables become the nurses perceptions about their cognition and confidence about depression in these patients, and depressive symptoms. This also clarifoes the aim of the study which is to gather information about these variables. As evident, this problem is relevant to nursing care, since if they are proved to be having string perceptions about the depression and its effect on these patients, they can engage these patients into discussion about their depression, and that can be summarizeitional tariff of these nurses while delivering palliative care. This study was very feasible in terms of money commitment and with certainty of availability of subjects in the palliatice care settings. This would not add to the extra cost since existing facilities and services would be used, and no extra equipment would be necessary. Ethically this was a sound hypothesis, and there are no reasons for it to be not ethically cleared by the appropriate authority. The authors are qualified and they are, although not categorically mentioned it seems, professors of university nursing schools.Literature Review1. Are relevant preceding(prenominal) studies identified and described2. Are relevant theories and models identified and described3. Are the references current Examine the number of sources in the past 5 and 10 years in the reference list.4. Are the studies critiqued by the author5. Is a summary of the current familiarity provided This summary needs to include what is known and not known about the research problem.6. Is the literature review organized to demonstrate the progressive development of ideas through previous research7. Is a theoretical knowledge basal developed for the problem and purpose8. Does the literature review provide a rationale direction for the study9. Does the summary of the current empirical and theoretical knowledge provide a basis for the studyThe authors have identified many relevant previous studies and have reviewed them in brief, so the reader can draw the problem while reading these. These have been presented in a systematic manner so the rationality of the research question becomes explicit to the

Art History Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art History - Research Paper ExampleWorks of art atomic number 18 meant to communicate a nub and this is evident in The Happy Couple by Judith Leyster and The Gleaners by Jean-Francois Millet. Both artworks are a manifest of socio-economic events happening in the lodge and their overall work on shaping thoughts and ideologies. For example, The Happy Couple is an embodiment of love and tenderness that Judith Leyster did in 1630 when she lived in Netherlands with her husband. It was painted using oil on canvas and its dimensions are 81.8?110.7 cm (32?43 in) and it can be found currently at the Louvre, France. On the other hand, for Jean-Francois Millets The Gleaners, it has interesting features worth noting (Weiner, 2000). The painting was done in 1857 in the wake of the French Revolution to encourage the turn away-class workers. While using oil on canvas, Millet attempted to represent socialism as a means empowering workers over landowners who subjugate their interests. Intereste d persons can find the painting at Musee dOrsay, Paris for viewing and enjoyment. Its dimensions are 83.8cm?111.8cm (33?44 in) and it is a reality painting that narrates the struggles of the French people especially the lower classes in their endeavors to succeed. The main agendas of the two artworks are directly linked to the agitation for recognition in a society that was increasingly becoming exploitative to the lower classes hence making life hard for them. This is notable in The Gleaners, an apt example of realism with the pompousness of peasant women who are tilling land to find a harvest of wheat. As a result, the paintings depiction of real life implies that the lower classes were impeded by the upper group into entering the upward mobility (Walther, 2002). The inaccessibility was hence motivated by the growing gap between power and weakness that characterized France after the French Revolution. In The Happy Couple, Leyster was revealing the various aspects of her family that eventually bore her five children prompting her to leave painting. It means the painting infuses the elements of realism and symbol in communicating its message of bliss while also evoking a deeper sense of uncertainties and doubts in marriages. It is vital to compare The Happy Couple by Leyster and The Gleaners by Millet based on numerous reasons. They, for instance, represent vividly artistic periods of societies when art was a serious medium of communication unlike in the modern age. equivalence the two artworks also gives an understanding of realism and symbolism and how they apply in the context of disseminating messages to the ordinary human beings as witnessed with The Gleaners. This is unlike Leysters painting that echoed a graceful period when people yearned for good marriages and children to create families (Weiner, 2000). Therefore, the main idea of comparing the works is examine their significance today in the different structures of society especially the socio-e conomic and political factors. Leyster equally integrates brushwork to connect to a period of distress as she struggled to become a professional. For instance, her visual elements in The Happy Couple much(prenominal) as too much oil on the edges is another revealing representation of the surrealist period when art served for aesthetic purposes than as a tool of meridian consciousness. It is also noted in The Gleaners by Millet where the central focus of the background attaches itself the physical abundance that cannot be

Building Brands in Emerging Markets Essay Example for Free

Building Brands in Emerging Markets Essay1.Briefly State the Main Idea of the Article.The main idea of the denomination is to formulate the entry barriers that new intersection points need to handle in emerging markets that in developed markets. The existence of different kind of channels available to promote their product and expand the awareness. The main three factors discussed in the article are Word of mouth, in store experience and initial brand consideration.But, there are a nonher(prenominal) factors that also can play a major role in the growth of a product in any market as is the geographical location of the product. In developed countries where access to internet and TV it is not limited, the media marketing plays a big role in the awareness of the product because this mightiness be the first approach to early adapters or new consumers of the product. While in countries where access to internet or a TV is limited, the product tho can rely on the Word of Mouth.2 .List Three important Facts That the Author Uses to Support the Main Idea.Word of mouth This channel it is the most important for a new product in a new market, because it depends of the feedback is given by friends, relatives to the consumer.The in store experience this is when the consumer has the first interaction with the product and that influences the final finding of the consumer.The initial brand consideration This factor does not play a big role compared with the other two but is a factor to be taken into consideration for future product in stray to expand the awareness of their product.3.What Information or Ideas Discussed in this Article are Also Discussed in your Textbook, Discussion or Other Readings that You Have Done.Understand the Global Marketing Environment taking into consideration the different stages of the market. The different stages of the market in this article can be described as the low, high, upper level income of the countries where the access to media communication can be a crucial factor in order to expand the awareness of any product.Also, the social and cultural environments play a big role in the marketing plan of a product in emergent and developed markets, understanding these two environments will benefit the product in order to understand how to target a specific group of customers adding esteem to their needs.4.List Any Examples of Bias or Faculty Reasoning That You Found in the Article.In my personal opinion I believe that the article does not postulate any faulty reasoning, I believe they are giving their feedback through their point of view, but I will like to address that most of the time developed countries fail to develop marketing strategies in emerging countries, for standard they focus in marketing their product through TV in countries where the abstinence to buy new products promoted through TV or web is low, they need to bring new strategy ideas in order to market their product in other countries.5.List A ny New Terms/Concepts That Were Discussed in the Article and Write a Short Definition or Commentary.Word of Mouth this concept it is not new for me I understand what it means but I think it is a crucial factor in order to buy something new for me. For example when I started with the mountain biking, I was the emergent consumer to the market but thanks to my friends I was able to decide which where the best bicycles for me considering my budget, as well the accessories required helmet, gloves, render etc. (this is an opposite example but I think it works to explain that word of mouth is a major player when marketing and expanding products)

Organizational Characteristics Essay Example for Free

Organizational Characteristics EssayThis paper lead describe the culture and the constitutional characteristics of a chosen organization, Publix Supermarkets. enlarge throughout will be the common characteristics of the organization as it operates on a day to day basis. Specifically the system based on several(prenominal) units, rules and norms expected of the associates and supervisors as well as the hierarchy will be established for the reader to garner a better understanding. Furthermore, the communication ne 2rks, organizational orientation, approaches to and by attractionship members, as well as the decision making and communication procedures put forth by members of management will be analyzed. This paper will describe which 4 of these listed characteristics argon most influenced by communication between members and levels of Publix Supermarkets. The author has been employed with this supermarket chain for more than 7 geezerhood and has ample fellowship and understa nding on the organization as a whole.Common Characteristics of an Organization Publix Supermarkets is a grocery chain unlike many others for a variety of reasons. Founded in 1930 in Winter haven, Florida by George W. Jenkins, Publix is known for its customer first breeze and pleasurable shopping make out. The grocery chain whose motto states they will never wittingly disappoint their customers operates in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee and currently has more than 1000 stores in operation (Publix.com).Jenkins supermarket chain has continued to grow on their customer friendly trade sense. Publix has since become a Fortune 500 company and is privately held and owned by its employees. For as well as they treat their customers, the chain treats its associates and management rung just as well if not better. Publix workers who have been with the company a base number of years receive sh bes of stock for every 1000 hours worked, and evict purchase more shargons of stoc k at almost any time during a given year. The grocery chain is also well known for its uplifted ranking employee benefits and treatment in the employment world. Rules/Norms (Written and Unwritten)Outside of the big green P logo, the Publix atmosphere is what customers relate to with the chain more than anything else. Communication with customers is a study asset in following proper Publix protocol. The smiling helpful associates, clean stores, and consumer friendly set up of output is where Publix truly prides itself as an organization. separately experience ends with a friendly cashier and bagger, and the bagger will always bring the customer to their vehicle and help load product into the car for them. Believe it or not this all relates to performance evaluations that are done quarterly, where associates are evaluated on their behavior amongst the customers. Customer intimacy is something Publix takes very seriously.The Publix image extends onto its associates as well. All emp loyees are expected to show up to work on time and be clean shaven in full clean uniform attire. Each surgical incision and job class has their own specific uniform however all include proper hygiene, reasonable hairstyling, and proper equipment to perform their tasks to better serve the shoppers. Publix is an organization that understands how to promote their brand by utilizing all available options to do so. Clean stores and clean happy associates promote the Publix Way. This plays a major role in communicatory communication between Publix associates and their customers.Aside from dress code and customer relations, two major elements, there are many other standards Publix employees are held to. A satisfactory example of one unwritten Publix rule would be communication between associates when out on the sales floor during business hours must be respectful, and if at all possible must include the customer. Also, outside from positive communication two verbal and nonverbal with cu stomers and fellow associates employees are expected to communicate both effectively and respectfully with management teams as well. HierarchyThe Publix store level hierarchy is something that runs seemingly parallel in each segment throughout the store. Each department and sub department have their chain of command as follows part time associates, full time associates, assistant department passenger car, and department manager. The two major departments, grocery and customer service, have the most associates, in order to better supervise their employees there is a position called a team leader that fits into the hierarchy between the full time associates and the management team.Publix is a company that only promotes from within. This is a big selling point for associates and applicants alike. Knowing that the opportunity for furtherance is always there is a major asset for the associates in the store. Communications between the unlike levels of the chain of command are fluid. Th e associates can go to their department managers, or team leaders, with any concern or idea. The department managers at store level then communicate with the stores assistant manager and store manager about the associates ideas and concerns. Communication NetworksThe information Publix gathers through their retail channels is usually information based on product analysis and placement that they can pass down to the management teams at store levels to assess further. Ultimately the store will take the advice of corporal and emphasise to taper the information in the way it works most effectively for each store. Each store can take the same information and cast it differently. Information about new products, events, or openings may not influence all stores, or influence them all at the same level.There are times, during major events like hurricanes, holidays, or back to school time, where Publix store level employees must take the information sent to them by corporate including sale s figures and forecasts in order to build the proper displays and floor models for customers to browse. Having product out that customers take interest in can help drive sales. The communication between the different levels of Publix Supermarkets goes hand in hand with communication networks at the store level. Leadership ApproachesA major tool in the line of communication at Publix is how they abide anyone who is willing to step up and be a leader, do so. When every associate feels that sense of empowerment in their employment it urges them to lead in a different way, work harder and do a better job to lead by example. Publix pushes their associates to be role models both in the stores, and in the community. The management teams are in place to ensure guidelines are followed, only when showing quality leadership through positive communication means so much more. communication with leaders is always a situation associates take very seriously in any industry or business. This is n o different in the retail world at Publix. Associates voice their concerns and feelings to their leaders, whether it be management, team leaders, or even fellow associates who take on the responsibility of leading a specific group. At Publix supermarkets the communication had with leadership is always something associates should come away from feeling they were heard out and understood, good virtue for any organization to sustain. ConclusionPublix through the years has become one of the most widely respected organizations in America. This is due to the quality product and customer service put out the grocery chain, but also playing a role in the respect factor is the culture of the organization. This of course starts at store level and works its way to the corporate ranks, and is in large part to do with positive, effective communication. Publix supermarkets are known throughout the world a company that is great to work for, just as much as they are to shop at.Through utilizing all of the common communication characteristics Publix has continued to promote a very associate friendly atmosphere through the years. The supermarket chain takes pride in the fact that each associate understands their value to their company and takes pride in hiring quality applicants. Publix utilizes its rules and norms, hierarchy, communication networks, and strong leadership approach in all day to day activities in order to remain a successful industry leader.

Between White and Roberts Essay Example for Free

Between discolour and Roberts Es maintainBetween the descriptive es avow once More to the Lake by E.B. White, and the narrative es recite How to Say Nothing in 500 Words by P.M. Roberts I find the descriptive essay to be far more interesting to read for the stylus it is written appeals to the senses of the reviewer. Both essays, however, carry good merit and argon written very well. The essay that is currently being presented is an interpretation of the similarities and differences between the styles of these dickens essays, and the impact they have on the reader as well. Among the major(ip) differences between the two essays is the way they ar structured. In the essay How to Say Nothing in 500 Words Roberts uses nine different headings relating to the key elements of what he is writing close to. He breaks down each circumstances of what he considers to be good practices of writing with each section consisting of its own idea. He uses this method to present multiple idea s pertaining to the same general subject of the essay. using headings to separate ideas and points is a good way to present information clearly, but it also gives a paper an imper word of honoral and formal feeling that most daily or average readers do not relate to.In Once More to the Lake, however, White does not separate ideas into different headings. The story he tells in his essay progresses forward without being broken up into multiple ideas, and the general subject does not change throughout the essay in any major way. The entire essay reads like it is its own chapter of a book. It provides the reader with a fluent story from start to finish. Another large difference between these two essays is in the tone and language that the authors use. Roberts uses a mostly formal tone and language throughout most of his essay. There are a few places in which he uses mild humor to keep the readers interest, but his dry tone mixed with the subject his essay is centered on limits the effe ctiveness of his attempts. One much(prenominal) attempt at humor is where he speaks of a collegeprofessor grading essays in the sentence, As he reads paper by and by paper all adage the same thing in almost the same words, all bloodless, five hundred words dripping out of nothing, he wonders how he allowed himself to get trap into teaching English when he might have had a happy and interesting life as an electrician or a confidence man. (P.M. Roberts) He has a very dry sense of humor that leaves the reader wondering why he even makes the attempt at humor in many a(prenominal) an(prenominal) cases.White uses an informal tone in his essay, and uses language that appeals to the readers senses. He makes no attempts at humor in his essay like Roberts does, but he sooner paints pictures of scenery with words in exuberant detail. The depth and detail with which he writes stirs the readers emotions and memories in the way he tells of his own memories. He takes the mind of the reader o n a journey with him as he recounts memories of his childhood. The tone he uses is one that is somber and serious, but also quite casual. Summertime, oh summertime, pattern of life indelible, the fade deduction lake, the woods unshatterable, the pasture with the sweet fern and the juniper forever and ever, summer without end this was the background, and the life along the shore was the design, the cottages with their innocent and tranquil design, their tiny docks with the flagpole and the American flag floating against the white clouds in the blue sky, the little paths over the themes of the trees leading from camp to camp and the paths leading back to the outhouses and the can of basswood for sprinkling, and at the souvenir counters at the store the miniature birch-bark canoes and the post cards that showed things looking a little better than they looked. (E.B. White) It is with the use of this kind of language that White fills the writing canvas, as well as the readers thoughts , with the detailed images of the surroundings of the lake.The subject outlet between the essays by Roberts and White is yet other drastic difference. How to Say Nothing in 500 Words is an informative narrative essay about what to, and what not to do in the writing of a college essay. It is a strictly academic essay. It covers a number of points of what kind of language and ideas to use in a college level paper. The section of his essay that he name calling Call a Fool a Fool can easily be summarized as him trying to get across that one should say what they gestate of a matter regardless of what they think the instructor grading the paper or anyone else that might read it would think of what you have to say. Hebasically states that if it is your opinion, therefore state it without worrying that it may offend anyone that may not share the same view. The subject matter of Roberts essay is a topic that only a college student would truly care to read about. The subject matter of the essay by White, however, is near as far in the other direction as you can get from Roberts essay about writing an essay about college football. Whites essay Once More to the Lake is about his visit with his son back to the same lake that his own father likewisek him to every summer with his family while he was growing up.He describes in detail the changes that have occurred in the many years since he had been back to the lake, and the times he had with his family in his youth as well as the time he is spending there flat with his own son. Inside, all was just as it had always been, except there was more Coca Cola and not so much Moxie and root beer and birch beer and sarsaparilla. We would walk out with a bottle of pop apiece and sometimes the pop would backfire up our noses and hurt. We explored the streams, quietly, where the turtles slid off the sunny logs and dug their way into the soft bottom and we lay on the town wharf and fed worms to the tame bass. Everywhere we went I had trouble making out which was I, the one walking at my side, the one walking in my pants. (White E.B.) The way he describes and speaks of his surroundings and the small adventures that he and his son embark upon makes it evident that he truly cares about the story he has written, and that the entire composition is a nostalgic journey through his past and present. The feelings that he clearly has while writing his essay is something that nearly any reader can relate to. Now that the major contrasting points between the two essays have been presented we should move on to the similarities, but there are next to no similarities at all.The most prominent similarity between them is simply the fact that both compositions are considered essays. They are written in all different styles on completely different subjects, and with a completely different reading audience in mind. It can be said, however, that both essays are decently written for their intended audience, and one could also argue that the essays are similar in regards to the fact that both essays give the reader something to think about after having read the compositions, but that would be reaching very far to find some form of similarity simply for the sake of being able to say that they are similar in some fashion. It is easy to saythat the two essays contrast in major ways, but it is not so easy to say that they compare in any significant way. The essays How to Say Nothing in 500 Words by P.M. Roberts, and Once More to the Lake by E.B.White are both well written, but the descriptive essay by White is the superior of the two for his use of easily understood descriptive language and the unlined flow of his ideas and thoughts on the paper making for an easy and enjoyable read. His essay is also written about a subject that nearly any reader can relate to in some way while the essay by Roberts is aimed more at a particular demographic. Roberts also uses a matter of fact kind of tone that if he had not introduced a dash of humor here and there throughout his essay would have made it too technical to keep the average reader interested enough to read the whole composition while the essay by White draws the reader in and leaves them wanting more. The essay Once More to the Lake by E.B. White is a timeless piece of literature that the writer of this essay strongly recommends to any reader.ReferencesRoberts, P. M. (n.d.). How to say nothing in 500 words. Retrieved from https//docs.google.com/document/d/1Gw_UcMT4u-ZSW7ZBN_RAMspZFex6o83oIbnvtuV-CM8/edit?pli=1White, E.B. Once more to the lake. Retrieved from http//www.freewebs.com/lanzbom/EBWhiteLakeEssay.pdf

History of Autism and Aspergers

History of Autism and AspergersPandoras BoxDuring World War II, the large-scale involvement of US psychiatrists in the required a common langu eon and archetype criteria for the classification of mental disorders. This prompted the American Psychiatric Association (APA) to publish the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)The first edition, DSM-I, published in 1952, included autism as schizophrenic reaction, youngsterhood type, but provided no guidance on diagnosis.In DSM-III, published in 1980, infantile autism was lifted from schizophrenic psychosis and established as the core of a brisk category of pervasive developmental disorders, based on Kanners two cardinal signs pervasive lack of reactivity to other people and resistance to change. The age of onset was specified as before 30 months, which would rule out all kids who would later be diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. To take hold kids who suffered a loss of skills after thirty months, there was Child hood Onset Pervasive Developmental Disorder (COPDD).In DSM-III-R, published in 1987, the manual was rewrite to improve the criteria for autism based on recommendations of a task force, comprising Lorna Wing, Lynn Waterhouse, and Bryna Siegel. In this revision, the word infantile was deleted, and Kanners syndrome was rechristened autistic disorder. There was no age-of-onset, and the COPDD diagnosis was dropped. It also added a new criterion Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). This label turned out to be the most commonly used PDD diagnosis.Estimates of autism prevalence extendd worldwide after DSM-III and DSM-III-R was published. The overall trend was clear Autism spectrum disorder might be as prevalent as 1 in atomic number 6 peasantren. After a comprehensive analysis of the Family Fund database for the UK Department of Education and Skills, PricewaterhouseCoopers concluded that the increase in autism resulted from improved diagnosis and recogni tion of the disability.A kindred evolution was taking place in the United States, prompted by a set of amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). In 1991, autism was included in IDEA as its own category of disability, which enabled children with a diagnosis to gain access to individualized instructions and other services. In tandem with IDEA, state legislators passed laws making public pecuniary resource available to families for early intervention therapy.The first standardized clinical instruments to screen for autism were becoming available. The first attempt to develop and popularize such a cats-paw was Rimlands E-1, and E-2 behavioral checklists. But the checklists depended entirely on parental recall rather than direct clinical observation. A childs score could differ depending on which parent change in the checklist. In 1980, Eric Schopler and his TEACCH colleagues introduced the Child Autism Rating Scale (CARS), which was good at distinguishing autism from other forms of developmental delays, such as intellectual disability. After observing the child engage in a structured interaction through a wizard-way mirror, the rater scored the child on a seven-point continuum along several dimensions such as verbal and nonverbal communication, interaction with people and objects, sensory responsiveness, intellectual functioning. CARS used the spectrum model of autism in the DSM-III-R to score behaviors. Independent analyses showed that the scale was reliable and consistent, and that its score matched easily with assessment by other means. In 1988, Schopler issued a second edition of CARS that could diagnose teenagers and adults. After reading the manual and watching a 30-minute video, a founding father could produce ratings that were as accurate as those of seasoned clinical observers.Then, six months after Rain Man opened, an international team of researchers introduced a comprehensive turncock called the Autism Diagnostic Obs ervation Schedule (ADOS). Based on the criteria that would appear in the upcoming DSM-IV, the ADOS and a companion tool called the Autism Diagnostic Interview became the gold standard of autism assessment.***The first international conference on Asperger syndrome was held in 1988, and Lorne Wing had lobbied the World Health Organization (WHO) to include Asperger Syndrome in the 10th edition of the International sorting of Disease (ICD), published in 1990. In 1994, Asperger syndrome was included in DSM-IV.***Leominster, the birthplace of Johnny Appleseed, is forty-five miles northeast of Boston. In the 1940s, it was called the Plastic City as one in five residents worked for plastics manufacturers like nurse Grant, the company that turned sunglasses into a fashion. Soon it became the Pollution City as the waters of the Nashua flowed red, white, and blue. Then Foster Grant outsourced its frame manufacturing to Mexico. The defunct plant was declared a hazardous-waste site by state au thorities.Two years after the plant closed, a bracing in Leominster named Lori and Larry Altobelli had their second child, Joshua. When he was three, he was diagnosed with PDD-NOS. His younger brother, Jay, was also eventually diagnosed with PDD-NOS. Later on, Larry Altobelli realized that two of his friends grew up from the same neighborhood also had autistic kids. Lori, who had a masters degree in health care administration, asked parents at autism support group meetings if they had ever lived in her husbands old neighborhood. She was shocked by how umteen a(prenominal) said yes.On March 25, 1990, Lori sent a letter to the CDC headquarters in Atlanta demanding an investigation. An epidemiologist arrived in town two months later to collect data. Lori had promised to move on the investigation secret to avert mass panic until she heard the city was planning to build a playground next to the old factory. She called and complained to the mayor who promised to table the playground. But an anonymous caller tipped off local reporters and the news went national, appearing at ABC Newss 20/20 on March 13, 1992.A graduate student named Martha Lang from Brown University found from Loris files that the number of confirmed autisms in town was lower than she had been led to believe. Some of the kids were misdiagnosed, and some parents in Loris files had never lived in Leominster at all. After failing to find evidence of genetic abnormalities in the community, the team of geneticists from Stanford suggested that the rise in autism was driven by the change in the symptomatic criteria for autism rather than a true increase in prevalence. But the media circus had long ago moved on.***In 1995, after a torrent of inquiries from parents, Rimland ran a banner headline in his newsletter, Is There an Autism Epidemic? His answer was yes. But instead of focusing on the changes in the diagnostic criteria, he raised the possibilities that pollution, antibiotics, and vaccines were tr iggering the increase in new cases, citing the Leominster cluster as an example. Rimland made that statement after he read the book called DPT A Shot in the Dark, written by Harris Coulter and Barbara Loe Fisher. Rimlands endorsement helped to spread Coulters ideas within the autistic parents community.Meanwhile, a young gastroenterologist in England named Andrew Wakefield introduced Coulters ideas into the mainstream by claiming to have discovered a potential mechanism by which the combination measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine cooks brain injury.In the mid 1990s, Wakefield published a series of studies in which he concluded that measles virus might cause Crohns disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The studies were considered groundbreaking, but subsequent research failed to confirm the hypothesis.In 1995, while conducting research into Crohns disease, a mother of an autistic child approach Wakefield seeking help with her sons bowel problems. That prompted him researchin g for possible connections between the MMR vaccine and autism.On February 28, 1998, Wakefield held a press conference at Royal Free infirmary in Hampstead, North London, on his new studies published in The Lancet. The paper, written by Wakefield and twelve other authors, claimed to have identified a new syndrome, face lifting the possibility of a link between autism, the MMR vaccine, and a novel form of bowel disease. Although the paper said no causal connection had been proven, Wakefield made statements at a press conference calling for suspension of the MMR vaccine until further research.This press coverage sent shock waves through the autism parents community. In the coming years, many members of Rimlands network would become convinced that autism was caused by damage to the childs developing brain from from vaccines, vaccine preservatives, or both.Meanwhile, other researchers could not reproduce Wakefields findings or confirm his hypothesis. In 2004, Brian Deer, a Sunday Times reporter, discovered that Wakefield had failed to disclose its financial conflicts of interest ten of the studys co-authors took their names off the paper and Lancet retracted the study in 2004. Wakefield was stripped of his medical license in England in 2010, and the editors of the British Medical Journal denounced his study as an elaborate fraud in 2011.***There was no question in Lorna Wings mind that the changes she brought to the DSM criteria were the primary factor responsible for the rise in autism cases. Her daughter, Suzie died of a heart attack in 2005 at age forty-nine, and her husband died of Alzheimers disease five years later. She died in 2014 at age eighty-five.

Why Authoritarian Governments In Asia Control The Media Politics Essay

Why Authoritarian Govern workforcets In Asia Control The Media Politics EssayAuthoritarian regimes or governments sport eternally been considered by western scholars or politicians as stick uping on the opposite side of body politic. In those states within which media are check offled, the free peopledom of speech, human rights and democracy remain big concerns of those democrats. Asia, the largest continent in the world, boasts its diversified politic forms, be it democratic regimes, like Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korean and quasi-democratic ones like Thailand, as nearly as overbearing ones like Mainland China, North Korean and Burma. The role of media in Asia varies with the policy-making style, from free to go steady. This essay, then, mainly focuses on exploring the reason why poweritarian regime expects to intromit visualise of media from the political, pagan, technological and economic perspectives.Media in authoritarian rule in AsiaAuthoritarian government r efers to the government that concentrates power in the hands of a loss leader or a small group of elites unelected by the large number and is opposed to individualism and democracy. Although authoritarian governments always claim that their existence is to protect the country and to hand over discipline and ramble to its way of life and that the traditional culture should be aggressively maintained against encroaching external or contemporary culture (Robert McKenzie, 2006 73-74), the globe is in the opposite side that those basic components of a civil society like human rights, free information, free speech, social justice, etc. are some eliminated or constrained in the so called order and traditional culture.As what Myung-Jin Park,James Curran(1999) point out, authoritarian regimes can be divided into three major forms undivided-party regime, soldiery regime and religious regime. In Asia, countries can be entitled as authoritarian are Brunei (the executive authority lies wi th the unelected sultan), China (state under communist single party rule), Laos (a communist single party state), Burma (military rule), North Korea (one-party rule), Oman (ruled by a hereditary sultan, and no political parties are legal and no opposition movement), Qatar (ruled by hereditary emirates), Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates (ruled by hereditary emirates), Vietnam (communist single-party state).Media in these authoritarian regimes can be either privately or publicly owned alone must resort to the obligate of the state. Such control means that the media are never allowed to expose the information that opposes the go away of ruling class or recreate groups strictly related to the government. Media can criticize the government, hush up not the supreme level which takes the hold of the lastest power. They have certain degree of freedom, but it is only confine to the reports and programs unrelated to political areas, such as entertainment, sports, travel, etc.In authoritarian rule, Robert McKenzie (2006) points out two procedures that are commonly implemented censorship and punishment. In term of the censorship of the media centre, it involves two steps state censorship and self-censorship. State censorship is applied when speech and communication are contrary to state objectives, then the nub is banned for dissemination. Self-censorship is the motivate of intently censoring ones own publications, blogs, films, news scripts, TV programs or other means of expression without direct pressure from the authority, in order not to disseminate the content against the government objectives. So after finishing ones work, he or she may remove inappropriate material for fear of authorisation by the government. With the above two kinds of censorship, media only speak the voice of the government or ruling class instead of the people.With the regard to the punishment, the consequence is always learn by the seriousness of the illegal content. In the authoritarian rule, the state has the right to penalize individuals and media organizations for seditious libel (Robert McKenzie, 2006). Since the authoritarian societies are under the rule of men instead of law, the punishment can be various types according to the leaders will, such as confiscating private facilities, incarceration of media professionals, expiration, long-term prison, or even death.The content of media in different countries may vary, but one common feature of the authoritarian states in Asia is that media are controlled or owned by the state. Therefore, the information the sense of hearing received in the media smoothen not the interest of the people but the ruling class, no matter how capable or how hard-working the leaders are, because it is the carcass of a state that decides the role of the media.Reasons for the authoritarian seeking to control the mediaAccording to Denis Mcquail(2005), there are four types of control over media control of content for poli tical reasons control of content for cultural and/or moral reasons control of infrastructures for technical reasons and control infrastructures for economic reasons. These reasons can serve as a guideline for the author to look further.1. Control for political reasonsThe influence of media in political societies is immense and should never be underestimated. As what Katrin Voltmer and Gary Rawnsley (2010)point out, the function of media in democratic society is to (a) erect a forum where all voices can be heard and engage in a dialogue with each other, and (b) to act as a watchdog of the government. However, the outcome of these above two functions are what the authoritarian ruling elites want to decrease, because they are not only the functions, but inherent nature of media, and if without control, the innate force will bring the media to the peoples side. thus the pluralistic opinions and voices will appear that are unlikely all to conform to the political will proposed by the ruling elites. hardly if we stand at the point of the authoritarian government, the control seems to be necessary, because the media have too much potential power that could be used to unseat the state or destabilize the country (Robert McKenzie, 2006 73-74). What the authoritarian governments almost with child(p)ly need is stability, for in chaos the power of the people will release and it is uneasy to be interpreted control again. Take China as an example. The government makes every effort to forbid the expressions related to Tiananmen event in 1989, for fear of arousing another wave of opponents that cleverness shake the foundation of the superstructure. Although the information is blocked in mainland China, related videos, books, magazines and reports from abroad still remain hard evidence, which can be a great holy terror against the authority of communist party. Only if those media catch inaccessible to people can the central government avoid losing support from the publ ic. Therefore, the authoritarian media can also be a watchdog, but to watch people instead of the government.Beside, given that the president or premier or the elite ruling group has the high morality, responsibility, light and really concern the people, it is unlikely for them to make sure that every official they appoint or appointed by their appointers other than through the election from the people obey the principles of the constitution. Holding great power and backed by the superior, bureaucractism, red-tapism and corruption will generate, which means that only by controlling the media can they cover their bad deeds, without knowing from the above and the public. But if even the supreme rulers or elites group have ulterior or scandal of their own, degree of control will be much stricter and the free of media is far from possible.In addition, since the media belong to the government, they can be used as a powerful agency to propagate, reinforce and sublimate the entertain and merits of the ruling concept, thus win more trust and understanding over disagreement. The news from the state-owned media is always the wise decisions and favorable policies which give the people hope and collapse future, but seldom is there any voice that directly criticizes the state leaders or central government.2. Control for cultural reasonsAlmost all authoritarian countries in Asia have their unique as well as dominating traditional or political culture. These cultures not only determine the patterns of thought of the people, but also provide a well constructed harbor for the elite ruling groups to prevent their regime from the impact of the outside world. Media, therefore, can serve as a useful cats-paw to further strengthen the preexisted culture on the one hand, and to broadcast and spread the domestic culture to the world on the other. In this sense, to control the media is to some extent to control the mind of the mass people. The following analysis will focus on the analysis from several powerful cultures.The most grand culture in Asia may be Islamism, a belief that Islam is a political ideology, as well as a faith. For this culture, to control the media is to maintain the rectitude of the peoples thought and enhance the loyalty to the god.It is a modernist claim that political sovereignty belongs to God, that the Sharia should be used as state law, that Muslims form a political rather than a religious bloc around the world and that it is a religious duty for all Muslims to create a political entity that is governed as such.(http//www.quilliamfoundation.org/faqs.html) strand on the above definition, religious belief becomes legitimate tool and peoples behaviors are judged by the Quran. They believe in one God and resist other religions. Then the Islamic content is dominant in media. The western thought, belief, values as well as culture are severely censored and are considered strife to Islam. For them, the religion and politic are tied extr emely close to each other. So if the religion or culture is affected by outside or different impact, the political rule will also be impaired.Another powerful culture is communist culture. In this culture, to control the media is to prevent the attack and cultural impact from the outside world.In defend China, North Korea, Laos, Vietnam, the culture is shaped by communist party rather than Confucianism, even though some parts of the behaviors and thoughts still follow the principles proposed by Confucius. Communist culture is relatively young but very influential. At the very beginning of the communist party, those vanguards did set up educational and honorable examples that inspire the fellow country men and women to chip against outside invasion. They did win peoples trust that the communist party will bring them freedom, democracy and equality. But communism is based on the philosophy proposed by Karl Marx that it is possible to create an egalitarian or classless society by mea ns of working as a collective whole. Besides, there is a huge difference of the definition of democracy. While western world regard democracy as characterized by free speech, two or multiparty and mass election, the communism believe that the democracy is to liberate people and let people become the sovereign master. Ever since the Marxism was applied by the developing countries, the capitalism has become their enemy. The western thought and value as well as ways of running economy are all considered as against the communist belief. Therefore, everything from the western world is banned or defined as evil. In extreme case like North Korea, the image of the party is always the re innovateative of justice, while those western capitalist societies are shown as the lack enlightenment of communist thought. In this environment, the people are deprived of the idea to fight against free speech, liberty and democracy, because as what media show, there are in this process.3. Control for techn ological reasonsWith the development of high technology, especially the booming of the internet, the battle between media control and anti-control has been largely upgraded. Modern communications technologies mean that authoritarian governments point out it ever more difficult to hermetically seal their borders and prevent their people from receiving often self-conscious news, information and opinion from overseas sources (Katrin Voltmer and Gary Rawnsley, 2010). On the other hand, the ruling elites clearly know that to control the core technology is to hold the initiative advantage, so the high technology is not only widely applied by people, but also by the government as a fairly useful tool to exercise censorship, underground investigation as well as supervisory.In other word, the authoritarian government plays the role of defense, while the dissidents and civil right fighters act as the role of offense, and the rest becomes the audience, looking on the development of the game . This means that even though people can create some software to work over access to the blocked information, government then can renew the fire-wall and all kinds of software to block the sensitive expressions, detect the opinion initiators, or even control them. After all, the power of individuals is relatively small. They do not have enough economic income to keep them fighting longer. They are intelligent and are able to find the flaw of the censorship system, but seldom is there anyone daring to cross the bottom line of the ruling class. However, the government has sufficient financial support. It can establish well-equipped companies and hire a group of highly professional hackers or internet veterans to help the information control and monitoring. New technology or the new media does provide the citizens with a platform to voice out their opinions and unfair experience with the government and the exposed officials will do meet their deserved consequence. Nevertheless, no gov ernment wants its system to be corrupted and then lose its efficiency. In this sense, new technology also helps the government to find a new method to govern the hurtle and officials.4. Control for economic reasonsWhen studying the media issues, economic respect should be considered, for mass media is not only a social institution, but also an patience. With the regard to the present essay, the reasons of media control from the economic perspective are mainly focused on the issue of ownership.Altschull(1984) in his second law of journalism says the contents of media always reflect the interests of those who finance them. That is to say, the economic structure of the state decides the structure of the media industry, thus determines the role of media. Specifically, in authoritarian regime, the state owns the media, and the main sources of income are advertising, consumer revenue as well as the state financial support. What should be noticed is that the most powerful enterprises in authoritarian states are commonly the state-owned or royal relates-owned industries, which contribute a lion share of the advertising investments. Those state-owned companies not only have continuously financial support from the central government, but also take control of the choices of the consumers, in other word, the market. The vulnerable private media companies, though exist, can seldom have the opportunities to set foot in the most influential market like transmit industry and are faced with severe competition from various aspects. Then the domination of powerful state-owned companies in communication industries remains as an impassable prohibition for private sectors. Consequently, since the government controls the market, that media are controlled becomes a nature process. ConclusionThe study of the relationship between government and the media involves a various range of research and analysis. The present essay at first introduces the situation of media in authoritarian regimes in Asia. When media are unable to perform as an agent of democratic transition and consolidation, they become the important means of enforcing the authoritarian or totalitarian rule. Serving as the lapdog and gatekeeper of the government and accompanied by the relevant law and policy, the position of media is improve and can hardly be changed. Consequently, the people have to be careful with the serious censorship and take the risk of being punished if they seek to bob up the government will.The purpose for government to control the media can be analyzed in four aspects. The first one is the political aspect that government takes the media as a useful tool to maintain the stability of ideology, reinforce the governance and to hide truth and dirt deeds of the rulers themselves. In terms of the cultural reasons, the author tries to find result from studying to distinctive cases of Islam culture and communist culture. A common feature of the both cultures is that the governme nt seeks to manipulate media through keeping the justice of the culture, thus erecting a shield to resist the western democratic thought and culture. With the regard to the technological sphere, the government does realize the potential threat from the booming internet communication, so they intently act as a powerful defender to defend the attack from the domestic and abroad on the one hand, and makes most use of the high technology to strengthen itself on the other. The last reason is from the economic sphere that since the authoritarian government has the huge influence on the market, it influences the media industry as well. Owned and financed by state-run enterprises, the media industry is unchallengeablely controlled by the government.All in all, the media independence is a long process, and the freedom of media and information follows the political reform, cultural fault and globalization, technological advancement as well as economic development. Although media are control led, they are still able to play a significant role in pushing forward the social progress of these authoritarian countries in Asia,